TEACHER ANA BLOG 810788: AMAZING BIOLOGY FACTS

TEACHER ANA BLOG 810788: AMAZING BIOLOGY FACTS

TEACHER ANA BLOG 810788: AMAZING BIOLOGY FACTS

TEACHER ANA BLOG 810788: AMAZING BIOLOGY FACTS

AMAZING BIOLOGY FACTS

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Jurnal:Mengenal Kemahiran Belajar:

ABSTRAK
Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti
keperlbagaian dimensi kecemerlangan dalam pendidikan dan mengenal pasti pelbagai strategi yang boleh membantu pelajar mencapai kecemerlangan dalam pembelajaran serta menghadapi kepelbagaian dalam pendidikan. Kepentingan analisis ini adalah untuk memberi penjelasan tentang kebimbangan guru terhadap pencapaian pelajar-pelajar mereka. Kaedah kritikal dan analitikal yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah bergantung kepada pihak yang berautoriti
dalam menjelaskan konsep kepelbagaian pendidikan dan hubungannya dengan pemarkahan, kebertanggungjawaban dan kecemerlangan dalam pendidikan. Kesimpulannya, kecemerlangan agak sinonim dengan kemajuan, kejayaan, pencapaian kecemerlangan, kemenangan, perlaksanaan, kesempurnaan dan lain-lain perkataan yang dianggap sebagai sama dalam menghadapi kepelbagaian pelajar. Kesemua ini adalah cabaran kepada guru untuk mencapai. Klik Pautan untuk maklumat lanjut.kejayaan di dalam bilik darjah.
Kata kunci: Kepelbagaian pelajar, pendidikan cemerlang, strategi, multidimensi, kepelbagaian pendidikan
http://www.ukm.my/jurfpend/Jilid%2035%281%29,%202010/Bab%206.1.pdf

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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 

Photosynthesis is the process where organic compounds are synthesised from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll

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Blood / Sugar Regulation

As described in the cell biology tutorial, the body requires volumes of glucose in order to create ATP. The amount of ATP demanded will fluctuate, and therefore the body regulates the availability of glucose to maximise its energy making potential.

Two hormones are responsible for controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood. These are insulin and glucagon. The diagram illustrates the principle of negative feedback control in action involving blood/sugar levels.

Pancreas Receptors

The receptors of the pancreas are responsible for monitoring glucose levels in the blood, since it is important in every cell for respiration.

Two types of cell release two different hormones from the pancreas, insulin and glucagon. These hormones target the liver, one or the other depending on the glucose concentration

• In cases where glucose levels increase, less glucagon and more insulin is released by the pancreas and targets the liver
• In cases where glucose levels decrease, less insulin and more glucagon is released by the pancreas and targets the liver

The Liver

The liver acts as a storehouse for glycogen, the storage form of glucose. When either of the above hormones target the liver, the following occurs

• Insulin - Insulin is released as a result of an increase in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen, where the excess glucose can be stored for a later date in the liver
• Glucagon - Glucagon is released as a result of an decrease in glucose levels, and therefore promotes the conversion of glycogen into glucose, where the lack glucose can be compensated for by the new supply of glucose brought about from glycogen

Diabetes

Diabetes insipidus is a condition where excess urine is excreted caused by the sufferers inability to produce ADH and promote the retention of water.

Diabetes Mellitus is another form of diabetes where the sufferer does not have the ability to produce sufficient insulin, meaning that glucose cannot be converted into glycogen. Anyone who has this condition usually has to take injections of insulin after meals and snacks to maintain their storage of glucose needed in emergencies.

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 FERTILISATION AND DEVELOPEMENT

Fertilisation

Fertilisation occurs inside the Fallopian tubes of a woman. Millions of sperm enter the uterus but only a few reach the upper part of the Fallopian tubes, and only one can fertilise the secondary oocyte. Upon entry of the sperm, the nucleus of the oocyte immediately undergoes a second meiotic division to form the ovum and another polar body.

  The union of the two nuclei producing the zygote is called fertilisation .

Development of Zygote

The zygote travels down the Fallopian tubes and enters the uterus. While in the Fallopian tubes, the zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions.

  The single cell forms two cells, then four cells, and so on to produce a solid ball of cells called morula. Eventually, the growing mass of hundred of cells forms a hollow ball called blastocyst.

  The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium of the uterus. 

This process is called implantation. For the next eight weeks or so, the developing human is called an embryo.

The young embryo is nourished at first by nutrients absorbed directly from the mother’s endometrium, but as further development takes place the placenta is formed.

  From the ninth week of development until birth, the embryo is called a foetus. After about 9 months of development inside the uterus, the baby is ready to be born.

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Mari Mengenali Jurnal Kaedah pembelajaran di Makmal Sains:

ABSTRAK SLEI), manakala kepuasan pelajar diukur menggunakan domain keseronokan belajar yang diambil daripada Test of Related Science Attitudes (TOSRA). Analisis dapatan kajianSLEI kecuali skala kebebasan menjana idea. Dari segi tahap kepuasan mereka turut menunjukkan persepsi yang baik terhadap pengajarandan pembelajaran sains di makmal. Analisis susulan mendapati terdapat hubungan ramalan yang signifikan antaraaspek-aspek dalam SLEI dengan tahap kepuasan pelajar seperti mana yang diukur dalam kajian.

Untuk membolehkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlaku dengan berkesan, persekitaran pembelajaran perludisesuaikan dengan matlamat dan strategi pengajaran serta memenuhi keperluan guru dan pelajar. Oleh itu, penilaiantentang persekitaran pembelajaran pelajar adalah penting kerana ia bukan sahaja dapat memberikan maklumatuntuk mengukur pencapaian pelajar, tetapi juga memberikan maklumat tentang kecekapan guru dalam menyediakan hasil pembelajaran yang positif. Dalam masa yang sama, persepsi pelajar terhadap persekitaran pembelajaran juga dapat memberi maklumat berguna untuk meningkatkan kualiti persekitaran pembelajaran. Kertas kerja ini melaporkansatu tinjauan yang telah dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti apakah pandangan pelajar tentang persekitaran pembelajaran makmal sains di sekolah-sekolah menengah di negeri Selangor dan hubungannya dengan tahap kepuasanpelajar. Persepsi pelajar berhubung persekitaran pembelajaran makmal sains diukur dengan menggunakan adaptasiScience Laboratory Environment Inventory (

menunjukkan bahawa pelajar menunjukkan persepsi yang positif terhadap semua skala dalam

Klik Pautan untuk maklumat lanjut.

Kata kunci: Persekitaran pembelajaran, makmal sains, kepuasan pelajar, pengajaran sains, pembelajaran sains

http://www.ukm.my/jurfpend/Jilid%2035%281%29,%202010/Bab%203.pdf 

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 Human Digestive System

The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that the body can use as fuel. The breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. The major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver.

Mouth

In the human body, the mouth (oral cavity) is a specialized organ for receiving food and breaking up large organic masses. In the mouth, food is changed mechanically by biting and chewing. Humans have four kinds of teeth: incisors are chisel-shaped teeth in the front of the mouth for biting; canines are pointed teeth for tearing; and premolars and molars are flattened, ridged teeth for grinding, pounding, and crushing food.

In the mouth, food is moistened by saliva, a sticky fluid that binds food particles together into a soft mass. Three pairs of salivary glands—the parotid glands, the submaxillary glands, and the sublingual glands—secrete saliva into the mouth. The saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which digests starch molecules into smaller molecules of the disaccharide maltose.

During chewing, the tongue moves food about and manipulates it into a mass called a bolus. The bolus is pushed back into the pharynx (throat) and is forced through the opening to the esophagus.

Esophagus

The esophagus is a thick-walled muscular tube located behind the windpipe that extends through the neck and chest to the stomach. The bolus of food moves through the esophagus by peristalsis: a rhythmic series of muscular contractions that propels the bolus along. The contractions are assisted by the pull of gravity.

Stomach

 

The esophagus joins the stomach at a point just below the diaphragm. A valvelike ring of muscle called the cardiac sphincter surrounds the opening to the stomach. The sphincter relaxes as the bolus passes through and then quickly closes.

The stomach is an expandable pouch located high in the abdominal cavity. Layers of stomach muscle contract and churn the bolus of food with gastric juices to form a soupy liquid called chyme.

The stomach stores food and prepares it for further digestion. In addition, the stomach plays a role in protein digestion. Gastric glands called chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is converted to the enzyme pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach lining. The pepsin then digests large proteins into smaller proteins called peptides. To protect the stomach lining from the acid, a third type of cell secretes mucus that lines the stomach cavity. An overabundance of acid due to mucus failure may lead to an ulcer.

Small intestine

The soupy mixture called chyme spurts from the stomach through a sphincter into the small intestine. An adult's small intestine is about 23 feet long and is divided into three sections: the first 10 to 12 inches form the duodenum; the next 10 feet form the jejunum; and the final 12 feet form the ileum. The inner surface of the small intestine contains numerous fingerlike projections called villi. Each villus has projections of cells called microvilli to increase the surface area.

Most chemical digestion takes place in the duodenum. In this region, enzymes digest nutrients into simpler forms that can be absorbed. Intestinal enzymes are supplemented by enzymes from the pancreas, a large, glandular organ lying near the stomach. In addition, bile enters the small intestine from the gall bladder to assist in fat digestion.

The enzymes functioning in carbohydrate digestion include amylase (for starch), maltase (for maltose), sucrase (for sucrose) and lactase (for lactose). For fats, the principal enzyme is lipase. Before this enzyme can act, the large globules of fat must be broken into smaller droplets by bile. Bile is a mixture of salts, pigments, and cholesterol that is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, a saclike structure underneath the liver.

Protein digestion is accomplished by several enzymes, including two pancreatic enzymes: trypsin and chymotrypsin. Peptides are broken into smaller peptides, and peptidases reduce the enzymes to amino acids. Nucleases digest nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine also.

Most absorption in the small intestine occurs in the jejunum. The products of digestion enter cells of the villi, move across the cells, and enter blood vessels called capillaries. Diffusion accounts for the movement of many nutrients, but active transport is responsible for the movement of glucose and amino acids. The products of fat digestion pass as small droplets of fat into lacteals, which are branches of the lymphatic system.

Absorption is completed in the final part of the small intestine, the ileum. Substances that have not been digested or absorbed then pass into the large intestine.

Large intestine

The small intestine joins the large intestine in the lower right abdomen of the body. The two organs meet at a blind sac called the cecum and a small fingerlike process called the appendix. Evolutionary biologists believe the cecum and appendix are vestiges of larger organs that may have been functional in human ancestors.

The large intestine is also known as the colon. It is divided into ascending, transverse, and descending portions, each about one foot in length. The colon's chief functions are to absorb water and to store, process, and eliminate the residue following digestion and absorption. The intestinal matter remaining after water has been reclaimed is known as feces. Feces consist of nondigested food (such as cellulose), billions of mostly harmless bacteria, bile pigments, and other materials. The feces are stored in the rectum and passed out through the anus to complete the digestion process.

Liver

The liver has an important function in processing the products of human digestion. For example, cells of the liver remove excess glucose from the bloodstream and convert the glucose to a polymer called glycogen for storage.

The liver also functions in amino acid metabolism. In a process called deamination, it converts some amino acids to compounds that can be used in energy metabolism. In doing so, the liver removes the amino groups from amino acids and uses the amino groups to produce urea. Urea is removed from the body in the urine. Fats are processed into two-carbon units that can enter the Krebs cycle for energy metabolism. The liver also stores vitamins and minerals, forms many blood proteins, synthesizes cholesterol, and produces bile for fat digestion

 AMAZING BIOS

An adult Mayfly's life is as short as a few minutes, but its body hatches for about a year. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Pronoy - Sundargarh, India

The nails on long fingers grow faster than short fingers; and fingernails grow four times faster than toenails. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Micael Gabriel - Manila, Philippines

There's about 1.8m (6 feet) long DNA inside every cell nucleus in our body, and an average adult body contains around 50 trillion (million million) cells. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Steve - Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Some migratory birds have a "magnetic compass" in their body (a sense called Magnetoreception) to help them navigate using Earth's magnetic field. Submitted by: Akki - Dubai, United Arab Emirates

The catfish father keeps the eggs in his mouth until they are ready to be hatched. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Reedell

The tiny Water Bear (Tardigrade) can survive environments extreme enough to kill any other animal - with temperatures as low as -273°C close to Absolute Zero to as high as 151°C. Submitted by: Justin - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Corneas are the only tissues that don't require blood. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Pritesh Jain - Sirohi, Rajasthan, India

The Giant Kelp algea (Macrocystis pyrifera) is the fastest growing organism on earth and can grow at a rate of 70cm (two feet) a day. Submitted by: Edmer Aguilar

Dolphins only "sleep" half awake - keeping one eye open while consciously breathing and floating on surface. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Jeevan - Kathmandu, Nepal

The length between your elbow and hand (forearm) equals the length of your foot. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Alyssa

If you fully stretch your arms out, the fingertip to fingertip length is almost exactly your body height. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Alyssa

The lightest organ in the human body is the lung. Submitted by: Michael Vincent Sotto

An ostrich egg is also the largest existing single cell. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Irine

A kind of jellyfish (Turritopsis nutricula) upon reaching adulthood can transform itself back to childhood by converting its cells. It may repeat this to live forever. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Nunnally

To avoid predators, a mother Slow Loris licks its offspring with poison before sending them off to search for food. Submitted by: Bright Tiger - Flemington, New Jersey, United States

The fungus Cordyceps is able to "mind-control" other insects like ants to climb plants and attach there to become its food. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Bright Tiger - Flemington, New Jersey, United States

The biggest egg in the world is the ostrich egg. It could take as many as 30 chicken eggs to equal its volume, and up to 2 hours to hard boil. Submitted by: Josie - Australia

The largest frog in the world is The Goliath Frog of Gabon in West Africa and can grow as big as 33cm long and up to 3kg heavy. Sciensational.comSubmitted by: Anisha - Dubai, UAE.

When the queen of a clownfish school dies, a male clownfish changes its gender to become female and takes her place.

CELL HISTORY

 

The cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered by Robert Hooke and is the functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing, and is often called the building block of life.^[1] Some organisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of a single cell). Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans have about 100 trillion or 10¹⁴ cells; a typical cell size is 10 µm and a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The longest human cells are about 135 µm in the anterior horn in the spinal cord while granule cells in the cerebellum, the smallest, can be some 4 µm and the longest cell can reach from the toe to the lower brain stem (Pseudounipolar cells).^[2] The largest known cells are unfertilised ostrich egg cells, which weigh 3.3 pounds.^[3][4]
In 1835, before the final cell theory was developed, Jan Evangelista Purkyně observed small "granules" while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.^[5]
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning "a small room". The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.^[6]